Profile of Enterobacteria Resistant to Beta-Lactams.

A serious emerging problem worldwide is increased antimicrobial resistance. Acquisition of coding genes for evasion methods of antimicrobial drug mechanisms characterizes acquired resistance. This phenomenon has been observed in Enterobacteriaceae family. Treatment for bacterial infections is performed with antibiotics, of which the most used are beta-lactams. The aim of this study was to correlate antimicrobial resistance profiles in Enterobacteriaceae by phenotypic methods and molecular identification of 14 beta-lactamase coding genes. In this study, 70 exclusive isolates from Brazil were used, half of which were collected in veterinary clinics or hospitals Phenotypic methodologies were used and real-time PCR was the molecular methodology used, through the Sybr Green system. Regargding the results found in the tests it was observed that 74.28% were resistant to ampicillin, 62.85% were resistant to amoxicillin associated with clavalunate. The mechanism of resistance that presented the highest expression was ESBL (17.14%). The genes studied that were detected in a greater number of species were blaGIM and blaSIM (66.66% of the samples) and the one that was amplified in a smaller number of samples was blaVIM (16.66%). Therefore, high and worrying levels of antimicrobial resistance have been found in enterobacteria, and a way to minimize the accelerated emergence of their resistance includes developing or improving techniques that generate diagnoses with high efficiency and speed.

Oral microbiota and their antibiotic susceptibility in free-living monkeys in Goiás State, Brazil: Repercussions for injuries in humans.

INTRODUCTION: Goiás State, which is in the midwest region of Brazil, has several urban forests. This fact, along with the expansion of urban areas within the limits of Forest Conservation Units, increases the contact between humans and wildlife, such as capuchin monkeys. The impulsive behavior of these animals and the scarcity of food cause them to vigorously search for food, leading to direct encounters with Park visitors, which can result in scratches and bites and making them potential disseminators of pathogenic microorganisms. METHODS: Ten specimens of bearded capuchin monkey (Sapajus libidinosus) were captured at the Onofre Quinan Environmental Park in Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil. Samples were collected from the monkeys, and the bacteria and fungi present in the samples were isolated and identified. Then, the identified microorganisms were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing. RESULTS: A total of 111 bacteria and 12 fungi were isolated, including two strict anaerobic bacteria of the genus Peptostreptococcus, 109 facultative anaerobic bacteria, and 12 yeasts. Among the facultative bacteria, enterobacteria and Staphylococcus were common. Resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin antibiotics was detected in the enterobacteria, and resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin was detected in the Staphylococci. The other strains were sensitive to all tested antimicrobials. Cefoxitin showed 100% efficacy in all isolated bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: For bites from capuchin monkeys, we recommend performing complete hygiene and antibiotic therapy, according to medical recommendations. Given the 100% effectiveness of cefoxitin, it should be considered for this type of injury, especially in the study region.

Oral microbiota and their antibiotic susceptibility in free-living monkeys in Goiás State, Brazil: Repercussions for injuries in humans

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Goiás State, which is in the midwest region of Brazil, has several urban forests. This fact, along with the expansion of urban areas within the limits of Forest Conservation Units, increases the contact between humans and wildlife, such as capuchin monkeys. The impulsive behavior of these animals and the scarcity of food cause them to vigorously search for food, leading to direct encounters with Park visitors, which can result in scratches and bites and making them potential disseminators of pathogenic microorganisms. METHODS: Ten specimens of bearded capuchin monkey (Sapajus libidinosus) were captured at the Onofre Quinan Environmental Park in Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil. Samples were collected from the monkeys, and the bacteria and fungi present in the samples were isolated and identified. Then, the identified microorganisms were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing. RESULTS: A total of 111 bacteria and 12 fungi were isolated, including two strict anaerobic bacteria of the genus Peptostreptococcus, 109 facultative anaerobic bacteria, and 12 yeasts. Among the facultative bacteria, enterobacteria and Staphylococcus were common. Resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin antibiotics was detected in the enterobacteria, and resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin was detected in the Staphylococci. The other strains were sensitive to all tested antimicrobials. Cefoxitin showed 100% efficacy in all isolated bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: For bites from capuchin monkeys, we recommend performing complete hygiene and antibiotic therapy, according to medical recommendations. Given the 100% effectiveness of cefoxitin, it should be considered for this type of injury, especially in the study region.

Reprocessing safety issues associated with complex-design orthopaedic loaned surgical instruments and implants.

BACKGROUND: The acquisition of reusable surgical instruments (RSIs) through loaner system is a worldwide phenomenon, particularly in orthopaedic surgeries. Loaner sets contain high-complex design RSIs, which are very difficult to clean, and also include single use implants, such as screws, that remain in the surgical tray and are subjected to multiple reprocessing until they are implanted. Inadequate cleaning of SI and various exposures of single-use implants to physical, chemical and biological agents can compromise their quality/safety and promote biofilm formation. The difficulty in cleaning is compounded in middle and low-income countries where automated cleaning infrastructure at sterilizing service units is often unavailable, and thus manual cleaning only is performed. Thus, we aimed to determine the condition of orthopaedic loaned sets when delivered to the hospital, assess the quality of complex-design RSIs reprocessed by manual cleaning, and evaluate the effect of multiple reprocessing on single-use implant (screw). METHODS: Flexible medullary reamers (FMRs), depth gauges and screws used for femur intramedullary nailing, in clinical use for >1 year, were obtained from three Brazilian loaner companies and assessed for residual ATP, protein, bacterial contamination, endotoxin and/or biofilm at delivery at the hospital, following cleaning and steam sterilisation. RESULTS: Before cleaning, blood was visible on a RSIs tray, and RSIs/screws were contaminated with high amounts of ATP, protein and bacteria. Visible soil was released during brushing of a FMR lumen and, following cleaning, the inner layer of 34/40 were visible soiled, and over 5/8 were protein test positive. Following sterilisation, biofilm and soil, including fragments appearing to be bone, were detected by scanning electron microscopy on RSIs/screws. A sterilised FMR revealed visible soil on the inner layer. Endotoxin tests were negative. CONCLUSION: The contaminated condition of loaned-complex-designed RSIs/screws upon arrival at the hospital and after reprocessing points to the insufficiency of manual reprocessing and management practices related to this instruments/implants. A multidisciplinary approach involving expert in design/manufacture, regulating, managing, reprocessing and surgeons is suggested to improve RSIs manufacture that enables complete decontamination and maintain the surgical patient safety.

Armazenar tubos de silicone antes do empacotamento impede a esterilização? / ¿Almacenar tubos de silicona antes del empaque impide la esterilización? / Does storage of silicone tubes prior to packaging prevent sterilization?

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar a carga microbiana de tubos de silicone imediatamente após a limpeza e em diferentes intervalos de armazenamento. Métodos: Estudo experimental que analisou tubos de silicone oriundos da assistência ao paciente cirúrgico. Foi conduzido após aprovação do Comitê de Ética (protocolo n° 1.277.077), no período de setembro a novembro de 2015, com tubos oriundos do Centro de Material e Esterilização (CME) de um hospital geral de grande porte da região Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Os tubos foram segmentados: extremidade 01, 02 e meio e novamente segmentados, conforme intervalos de tempo preestabelecidos em zero, 12 e 24 horas. Os fragmentos foram preenchidos com água estéril, vedados e submetidos a cinco minutos de sonicação. A água foi filtrada em Millipore 0,45 µm e as membranas incubadas a 35°C por 24 horas em ágar nutriente. As membranas foram removidas e dispostas em tubos de ensaio, contendo 1mL de solução salina, que foram agitadas por cinco minutos e submetidos a técnica de alça calibrada. Resultados: Houve aumento da carga microbiana na ordem de uma grandeza na escala logarítmica a cada 12 horas (p<0,05), nas condições de limpeza e armazenamento proporcionados pela instituição, nos grupos experimental e controle positivo, e não houve diferença quando comparados o meio e extremidades dos tubos de silicone (p>0,05) nos períodos zero, 12 e 24 horas. Conclusão: A depender da carga microbiana inicial, o aumento da ordem uma grandeza pode resultar no insucesso da esterilização, achados que ratificam a não permanência de PPS na área limpa aguardando o processamento.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la carga microbiana de tubos de silicona inmediatamente después de su limpieza e en diferentes intervalos de almacenamiento. Métodos: Estudio experimental en el que se analizaron tubos de silicona propios de la asistencia al paciente quirúrgico, en el período de septiembre a noviembre de 2015. Los tubos provenían del Centro de Material y Esterilización (CME) de un hospital general de gran tamaño de la región Centro-Oeste de Brasil. Los tubos fueron segmentados así: extremo 01, 02 y medio y nuevamente segmentados según intervalos de tiempo preestablecidos en cero, 12 y 24 horas. Los fragmentos se llenaron con agua estéril, fueron sellados y sometidos a cinco minutos de sonicación. El agua fue filtrada en Millipore 0,45 μm y las membranas incubadas a 35°C por 24 horas en agar nutriente. Las membranas fueron removidas y dispuestas en tubos de ensayo que contenían 1mL de solución salina, fueron agitados durante cinco minutos y sometidos a técnica de alza calibrada Resultados: Se observó un aumento de la carga microbiana en el orden de una magnitud en la escala logarítmica cada 12 horas (p <0,05), en las condiciones de limpieza y almacenamiento proporcionadas por la institución, en los grupos experimental y de control positivo. No hubo diferencia cuando se compararon el medio y los extremos de los tubos de silicona (p> 0,05) en los períodos cero, 12 y 24 horas. Conclusión: Dependiendo de la carga microbiana inicial, el aumento del orden de una magnitud puede resultar en el fracaso de la esterilización. Estos hallazgos ratifican la no permanencia de PPS en el área limpia mientras se aguarda el procesamiento.

Abstract Objective: To determine the microbial load of silicone tubes, immediately after cleaning, and at different storage intervals. Methods: Experimental study that analyzed silicone tubes from surgical patient care, conducted after approval by the Ethics Committee (protocol no. 1,277,077), from September to November of 2015, with tubes from the Central Processing Department (CPD) of a large general hospital in the West Central region of Brazil. The tubes were segmented (end 1 and 2, and the middle) and were then segmented again, according to established time intervals (zero, 12, and 24 hours). The fragments were filled with sterile water, sealed, and exposed to five minutes of sonication. The water was filtered via 0.45μm Millipore, and the membranes were incubated at 35°C for 24 hours, on nutrient agar. The membranes were removed and placed in test tubes containing 1mL of saline, which were mixed for five minutes, and subjected to a calibrated loop technique. Results: An increase in microbial load was identified, in the order of a logarithmic magnitude every 12 hours (p<0.05), in the cleaning and storage conditions provided by the institution, in the experimental and positive control groups, and no difference was identified when comparing the middle and ends of the silicone tubes (p> 0.05) at periods zero, 12, and 24 hours. Conclusion: Depending on the initial microbial load, an increase in the order of magnitude can result in sterilization failure, which corroborates the need to not maintain healthcare products in the storage place while awaiting processing.

Colonização de trabalhadores de áreas de apoio hospitalar por Staphylococcus sp: aspectos epidemiológicos e microbiológicos / Staphylococcus sp. colonization in workers from areas of hospital support: epidemiological and microbiological aspects

Objetivou-se determinar a prevalência de trabalhadores colonizados por Staphylococcus sp., identificar preditores à colonização e avaliar a suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos dos isolados. Realizou-se aplicação de questionário e coleta de saliva de 130 trabalhadores de áreas de apoio de uma instituição oncológica. Análise microbiológica foi realizada segundo procedimentos padronizados. A prevalência de trabalhadores colonizados por Staphylococcus sp. foi 37,7%, sendo a maioria dos isolados Staphylococcus coagulase-negative. Resistência à meticilina foi detectada em 35,1% dos Staphylococcus coagulase-negative, sendo 12 S. epidermidis e um S. haemolyticus, destes 92,3% possuíam gene mecA. Todos S. aureus foram sensíveis à meticilina. Turno e setor de trabalho foram identificados como preditores para colonização. A colonização de trabalhadores de áreas de apoio que assistem pacientes oncológicos indica que também sejam alvos de políticas de saúde ocupacional que deveriam incluir medidas pré e pós-colonização a serem investigadas/discutidas em estudos futuros com vistas à segurança do trabalhador e do paciente

The objectives were to determine the prevalence of workers colonized by Staphylococcus sp., to identify colonization predictors and, to assess their susceptibility to antimicrobials. A questionnaire was applied and saliva was collected in 130 workers from support areas of an oncology institution. Microbiological analysis was conducted following standard procedures. The prevalence of workers colonized by Staphylococcus sp. was 37.7%, and the isolated majority was Staphylococcus coagulase-negative. Resistance to methicillin was detected in 35.1% of Staphylococcus coagulase-negative, being 12 epidermidis and one S. haemolyticus. From those. 92.3% had the mecA. gene. All S. aureus were sensitive to methicillin. Working shift and sector were identified as predictors for colonization. The colonization in workers from support areas assisting oncology patients indicates that workers should be target of occupational health policies, and it should include pre- and post-colonization measures in investigations/discussions of future studies aiming at worker and patient safety

Bastonetes Gram-negativos em úlceras venosas e implicações para o atendimento de enfermagem na atenção primári / Gram-negative rods in venous ulcers and implications for primary care nursing care / Bacilos Gram-negativos en úlceras venosas, implicancias para la atención de enfermería en la atención primaria

Estudo transversal descritivo em pacientes com úlceras venosas de difícil cicatrização, cujos objetivos foram identificar a prevalência de bastonetes Gram-negativos (BGN) em úlceras venosas com sinais clínicos de infecção; analisar o perfil de suscetibilidade destes e detectar a produção de ESBL, AmpC e metalo-ß-lactamase. Nesta amostra, identificaram-se 69 pessoas. A coleta foi realizada mediante entrevista, exame clínico, registro fotográfico e swab das lesões. Os espécimes foram submetidos à avaliação laboratorial para análise microbiológica. Foram avaliadas 98 lesões, sendo isolados BGN em 74,5%. Prevaleceram P. aeruginosae Escherichia coli. Os micro-organismos foram sensíveis à maioria dos antimicrobianos. Em relação à resistência, destacaram-se tetraciclina e cefoxitina. ESBL não foi detectada, AmpC foi verificada em 37,5% no grupo CESP e a metalo-ß-lactamase em 8,0% das P. aeruginosa. O estudo indica a necessidade de vigilância microbiológica para os pacientes com úlceras venosas com processo cicatricial de difícil evolução.

A descriptive cross-sectional study in patients with hard-to-heal venous ulcers, whose objective is to identify the prevalence of Gram-negative rods (GNR) in venous ulcers presenting clinical signs of infection; analyze the susceptibility profile of such ulcers and detect ESBL, AmpC and metallo-ß-lactamase production. We identified 69 individuals. The samples were gathered by means of an interview, clinical exam, photographic record and a swab of the lesions. Specimens were submitted to laboratorial evaluation for microbiological analysis. A total of 98 lesions were evaluated, of which BGN presented in 74.5%. There was a prevalence of P. aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The mircoorganisms were sensitive to most antimicrobials. In terms of resistance, tetracycline and cefoxitine were discarded. ESBL was not detected; AmpC was verified in 37.5% of the CESP group and metalo-ß-lactamase in 8.0% of P. aeruginosa. Our study points to the need for microbiological vigilance of patients with hard-to-heal venous ulcers.

Estudio transversal descriptivo en pacientes con úlceras venosas de difícil cicatrización, objetivando identificar la prevalencia de bacilos Gram-negativos (BGN) en ulceras venosas con signos clínicos de infección; analizar su perfil de susceptibilidad y detectar la producción de ESBL, AmpC y metalo-ß-lactamasa. Fueron identificadas 69 personas. Datos recolectados mediante entrevista, examen clínico, registro fotográfico y swab de lesiones. Los especímenes fueron sometidos a evaluación laboratorial para análisis microbiológico. Fueron evaluadas 98 lesiones, aislándose BGN en 74,5%. Prevalecieron P. aeruginosay Escherichia coli. Los microorganismos fueron sensibles a la mayoría de antimicrobianos. Respecto a resistencia, se destacó la misma respecto de tetraciclina y cefoxitina. No se detectó ESBL, se verificó AmpC en 37,5% en el grupo CESP y la metalo-ß-lactamasa en 8,0% de las P. aeruginosa. El estudio indica necesidad de vigilancia microbiológica para pacientes con úlceras venosas con proceso cicatricial de difícil evolución.

Contaminação de equipamentos e superfícies de unidades de terapia intensiva de uma maternidade pública por staphylococcus coagulase negativa / Contamination of equipment and surfaces intensive care unit of a public maternity coagulase negative staphylococcus

As unidades de terapia intensiva são consideradas áreas críticas de um hospital, pois oferecem risco para infecções. O ambiente destas unidades representa um potencial reservatório de micro-organismos patogênicos, os quais podem ser veiculados a hospedeiros suscetíveis como recém-nascidos e crianças. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar a presença de Staphylococcus coagulase negativa em equipamentos e superfícies de unidades de terapia intensiva de uma maternidade pública de Goiânia, Goiás. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em três unidades, sendo duas pediátricas e uma neonatal. A coleta das amostras ocorreu no período de setembro de 2011 a julho de 2012. Foram avaliados 93 materiais, sendo 48 equipamentos e 45 superfícies. O procedimento de coleta das amostras foi realizado com a utilização de swab, o qual foi introduzido em meios de cultura específicos. Os isolados bacterianos foram identificados mediante análises microscópicas, macroscópicas e testes bioquímicos. Dentre os materiais analisados, 62 (66,7 por cento) estavam contaminadas por Staphylococcus coagulase negativa, sendo 32 (66,7 por cento) equipamentos e 30 superfícies (66,7 por cento). As incubadoras (90,9 por cento) e as bancadas (88,9 por cento) foram os materiais mais frequentemente contaminados. Foi isolado um total de 65 bactérias. Alguns materiais (n=3) apresentaram contaminação concomitante por duas cepas bacterianas fenotipicamente diferentes. Neste estudo, os equipamentos e superfícies investigados foram identificados como focos de contato de Staphylococcus coagulase negativa, apresentando risco para a transmissão destes micro-organismos a recém-nascidos e crianças hospitalizadas. A adoção de procedimentos de descontaminação mais efetivos é necessária para o controle da disseminação desta bactéria no ambiente hospitalar...